Oral and craniofacial research in the Generation R study: an executive summary. AW van Meijeren-van Lunteren, X Liu, FCH Veenman, et al.

At the age of nine and thirteen, three-dimensional (3D) facial images were taken of the children using a 3dMDface System (3dMD LLC, USA) photogrammetric device by trained photographers.

Avatar Farms of Medical/Military-Grade, Digital-3D Doppelgangers. C Lane and K Duncan.

Explore the true economic benefits of baselining with a ‘near-ground truth’ digital-3D Doppelganger population and how this can create derivative avatar market opportunities beyond gaming, entertainment, and social media interactions.

Initial Steps towards a Multilevel Functional Principal Components Analysis Model of Dynamical Shape Changes. DJJ Farnell, P Claes.

Multilevel PCA (mPCA) has been used by us to analyze 3D facial shapes obtained from 3D facial scans; note that two-level multilevel PCA (mPCA) is equivalent to bgPCA. mPCA has been used previously to investigate changes by ethnicity and sex, facial shape changes in adolescents due to age, and the effects of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on the facial shape of English adolescents.