Oral and craniofacial research in the Generation R study: an executive summary. AW van Meijeren-van Lunteren, X Liu, FCH Veenman, et al.

At the age of nine and thirteen, three-dimensional (3D) facial images were taken of the children using a 3dMDface System (3dMD LLC, USA) photogrammetric device by trained photographers.

Initial Steps towards a Multilevel Functional Principal Components Analysis Model of Dynamical Shape Changes. DJJ Farnell, P Claes.

Multilevel PCA (mPCA) has been used by us to analyze 3D facial shapes obtained from 3D facial scans; note that two-level multilevel PCA (mPCA) is equivalent to bgPCA. mPCA has been used previously to investigate changes by ethnicity and sex, facial shape changes in adolescents due to age, and the effects of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on the facial shape of English adolescents.

Mother and Daughter Carrying of the Same Pathogenic Variant in FGFR2 with Discordant Phenotype. F Lo Vecchio, E Tabolacci, V Nobile, MG Pomponi, R Pietrobono, G Neri, S Amenta, E Candida, C Grippaudo, E Lo Cascio et al.

Craniosynostosis are a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The most common forms of craniosynostosis are Crouzon, Apert and Pfeiffer syndromes.

Genetic variants underlying differences in facial morphology in East Asian and European populations. M Zhang, S Wu, S Du, et al.

Evolutionary analyses suggest that the difference in nose shape between EUR and EAS populations is caused by a directional selection, due mainly to a local adaptation in Europeans. Our results illustrate the underlying genetic basis for facial differences across populations.

Cohort profile: early school years follow-up of the Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy Longitudinal Study in Melbourne, Australia (AQUA at 6). E Muggli, J Halliday, EJ Elliott, et al.

Established in 2011, the study is a prebirth cohort of 1570 mother and child pairs designed to assess the effects of low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and sporadic binge drinking on long-term child development.